Promulgated in September 1713, Pope Clement XI’s apostolic constitution Unigenitus became
the subject of thousands of books, journals, pamphlets, prints, broadsides and
even card games. Debates over its acceptance by the French church and state spawned
innumerable sub-controversies and lawsuits, on papal infallibility, the
liturgy, government’s role in the Church, the refusal of sacraments, the rights
of clergy and laity, miraculous cures, and popular religious movements operating
well beyond the reach of academic theology.
Members of Clement’s own family, most likely his cardinal nephews
Alessandro and Annibale, assiduously collected titles that
documented the Unigenitus war on all its ideological fronts. Volumes of the Albani
Miscellanea include clandestine Jansenist publications, possession of which would have landed the average Parisian in the Bastille. These are bound in disorderly counterpoint with works of anti-Jansenist polemic, most of them publications which the exasperated French king, Louis XV, would have been happy to suppress.
300 of these pamphlets (dating from 1709 to 1738) have
recently been cataloged, with some 1000 or more soon to be added to WorldCat. Presented below is a small sample, in chronological order, of works
encountered in the course of this project. From these few titles the reader may
glimpse the diversity of the pamphlets' content and the complexity of the age which produced them. Together with matters directly relating to the Constitution, one finds the Church's social
and pastoral concerns, evidence for natural disasters, legal issues, censorship and printing history, and occasionally, even humor.
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| MRBU 5:12 |
Le Grand Hiver.
Mandement de Monseigneur l'archeveque d'Arles... (1709)
The
record for the coldest temperature in
Europe still stands with that set by the “Great
Frost” of 1708-09 when rivers froze and even
the Venetian lagoon iced over. In
Paris alone,
24,000 people perished from cold when January
temperatures lingered near -14º F.
Snow and
ice brought commerce to a standstill and food
could not be transported
to the cities. Spring
brought no relief; with the ground still frozen,
crops
failed in the country, and reports circulated of desperate people eating grass
like animals, an image which would endure, nurturing the pent-up bitterness of the ancien régime. In this letter of 2 June 1709, François de Mailly, Archbishop of
Arles, requests prayers for the time of famine, which he attributes to God's displeasure ("l'Auteur de la Nature soit bien irrité contre nous..." ) a formulaic statement perhaps from a man who could not have mentioned the truth, that the endless wars of Louis XIV made everything so much worse. But the writer's main object here is to propose, together with prayer, practical relief efforts
for the poor – the sale of church silver to buy them bread.
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MRBU 6:12
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Banned in Paris.
Ordonnance de son Eminence Monseigneur...
In this edict of 1716 Archbishop Noailles put the Society of
Jesus under interdict within the Archdiocese of Paris. With this act (occasioned
by an anti-Jansenist sermon preached a few days earlier by a member of the Society) the Jesuits were forbidden to preach
or hear confessions, effectively curtailing their Parisian ministry until after
Noailles’s death in 1729. This pamphlet, concerned with one episode in the decades-long
skirmishing between Jansenists and Jesuits, is an early omen of the 1764 suppression
of the Society in France.
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Indecency?
Mandement de son Eminence Monseigneur le cardinal de Noailles....(1717)
Another of Noailles’ archiepiscopal pronouncements, this one
forbids the use of “indecent” tapestries and decorations in churches and
wayside altars during Corpus Christi celebrations. The occasion for this decree
is no longer evident to the modern reader, but was
likely provoked by some incident which only time and research will
reveal.
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| MRBU 1:34 |
The Great Plague of Marseilles.
Lettre pastorale de Monseigneur l'eveque de Sisteron... (1720)
The last major European outbreak of the bubonic plague began
when a ship carrying the infection docked at Marseilles in 1720. Within 2 years,
more than half that city’s population had been wiped out. The disease, commonly called
the Black Death, crept north, approaching the Diocese of Sisteron by December 1720, when bishop Pierre-François Lafitau issued this letter urging his clergy
to stay and aid the victims. Printed on splendid Italian paper, with
engravings of the bishop’s coat of arms, this elegant production seems out of
place given the gravity of the situation, and Lafitau evidently wrote it from the safety of Rome. Nevertheless, in Marseilles and other areas
of Provence, numerous clergy who did not hesitate to remain in harm's way succumbed to the plague in the course of their ministry to its other victims.
"Mes chers enfans"
Lettre du Reverend Pere General... (1726)
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| MRBU 9:17 |
The polemical nature of most of the pamphlets in the Miscellanea is evidenced by heated
rhetoric between Jansenist sympathizers and their opponents, between the “acceptants” or “constitutionnaires” who welcomed the bull Unigenitus and its “opposants”
and “appellants” who sought to bring
the matter before a General Council. Amidst the mutual recriminations and excommunications,
it is rare to find a document as charming as this one, a letter from the
general of the Carthusian order urging the return of his runaway monks, appellants, who had fled to Holland to make their stand against Unigenitus. In terms of affection, yet with a reminder of their vows
of stability, Fr. Antoine pleads with his "enfants
prodigues" to return to their community.
To err is human ... to cover up keep a woodcut handy.
Instruction pastorale de Monseigneur l'eveque duc de Laon ... (1731)
Étienne La Fare, the rabidly anti-Jansenist bishop of Laon,
published relentlessly against his opponents, even after his printing
privileges were revoked by the king. When theological issues were at stake
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correctness of the text mattered, but in the publication shown below, there must
have been significant errors or infelicities that were not meant to see the
light of day. How did the printer cope? Reprinting the sheet would have been far too
expensive. Instead, a few old woodcut borders were printed on thin paper, and the result used to cover up
some large expanses of printed text at the top and bottom of the page. Slip cancels are common in eighteenth-century continental printing, but it is rare, in our experience, to find pre-printed
decorations being pasted over offending letterpress passages.
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| MRBU 17:16 (page 7) |
"De par le Roi..."
Ordonnance du roy ... (27 Jan. 1732)
When he died in 1728 the pious (anti-Constitutionnaire) deacon, François de Pâris had a devoted following from his years spent in prayer, extreme asceticism, and knitting socks for the poor. Esteeming him a saint, visitors flocked to his tomb in the cemetery of St. Medard church in Paris, soon
claiming miraculous cures wrought by the deacon’s intercession. Church authorities
were more skeptical, although some miracles were verified by investigations conducted by Archbishop Noailles. However the cemetery soon took on a
carnival aspect attracting large crowds, criminal activity and threatening
public order. In 1732 Louis XV put a stop to this early “occupy” movement
by ordering the cemetery closed. Shown below are two versions of his
order, bibliographically distinct editions each with completely different settings of type. The Albani collection is believed to be the only venue in the U.S. to hold both editions of this edict, which soon after publication elicited the famed response from an anonymous wit who left it at
the cemetery’s gate: "De par le Roi, défense
à Dieu de fair miracles en ce lieu.”
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MRBU 10:65
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Slashed, burned and banned in Paris.
Arrest de la cour de Parlement... (9 Feb. 1732)
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| MRBU 10: 40 |
Approximately 20 percent of the pamphlets cataloged thus far
involve governmental or ecclesiastical acts suppressing printed books, most often works that are pro-Jansenist, but sometimes propaganda on the other
side. This
arrêt prescribes the usual penalties for an illicit
publication: to be shredded and burned by the public executioner at the foot
of the grand staircase of the Palace. The object of this treatment is perhaps the most successful underground
printing production of the 18th century, the long-running
(1728-1803)
Nouvelles ecclésiastiques, a weekly news sheet of anti-Constitutionnaire
propaganda which eluded the authorities for decades. This
Arrêt was not the first
attempt to quash the journal which persisted by means of brilliant security measures, a network of independent and anonymous editors, printers, and distributors, unknown to each
other and unable to give away the names of colleagues if arrested. Despite the best efforts of the police and the imprisonment of numerous booksellers and printers, the editors were never apprehended.
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| MRBU 10: 77 page 1 |
A refusal of sacraments case.
Consultation de Messieurs les avocats
du Parlement de Bretagne... (1735)
The reign of Louis XV was a litigious age and lawyers occupied the highest places in the Jansenist movement. The
Unigenitus
controversy provided them with plenty of clients, one of them the
husband of a woman who had been refused the last sacraments because of
her inability (or refusal) to state publicly her acceptance of all papal
constitutions including
Unigenitus.
This is the text of his 1735 lawsuit brought in the Parlement of
Brittany. In an age which took the sacraments seriously, it was not
uncommon to refuse them to a person living in sin. (The Jesuit confessors of Louis XV
refused him absolution until he sent his mistress away). But holding the
sacraments hostage to a
person’s acceptance (or not) of
Unigenitus, was loudly condemned, and,
as might be expected, the subject of litigation.
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Birth of the “Old Catholics”
Rescriptum alterum ... (1736)
This rescript of the Archbishop of Mechlin responds to the publication of the Defensionem of the schismatic bishop Van der Croon who was at the time ruling in a see which the
Vatican still regarded as vacant since the election of Cornelius Steenhoven by the
Jansenist-dominated and government-supported chapters of Utrecht and Haarlem.
The secession of the Old Catholics as they came to be known, was another piece of fall-out occasioned by the bull Unigenitus, the
crux of the disagreement being the bull’s expression of papal infallibility, which would not be formally defined until the First Vatican
Council.
Au revoir...
Les miracles futurs...
The undated work excerpted below has yet to be cataloged, but is one of a genre that we hope to discover more of in cataloging future volumes. Jansenists are seldom remembered for their sense of humor but they certainly evoked hilarity from their opponents. Here the author (probably G.-H. Bougeant) has penned a satirical litany in honor of "Saint" François de Pâris. The author prays (among other things) that François, who can make mute women speak, might reverse the process, and suggests that the great saint who cared nothing for the Pope, should yet make us duly obedient - to lawyers.
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| MRBU 11:40 |
Researchers curious about other pamphlets in this collection may find them in the CUA Libraries'
catalog. All items can be retrieved for browsing by a left-anchored title search using the phrase
Miscellanea relativa.
As always, we welcome readers' comments and corrections.
